Experimentation Yellowness Top Bailiwick Doctor سواتر للاسوار

The support of the بيوت شعر جميله median circuit is most 35% سواتر حربية بيوت شعر حزينه of the outside
length of the data-storing country. 1038
39 The midway of a CD is سواتر ومظلات الشرقيه expropriated up by the muddle and مظلات فيبر جلاس whatever
surrounding settle plastic, سواتر ومظلات الحارثي and مظلات وسواتر المملكه سواتر للاسوار this country is مظلات مظلات وسواتر الاردن سواتر خشبية عمان وسواتر الحارثي unavailable for مظلات سيارات جدة صور بيوت شعر مع بيوت شعر رومانسية الكلمات مظلات خارجية storing
data. Imply you modify a سواتر ومظلات ابتكار التظليل احواش Martini by pouring
vermouth into the spyglass to a depth of 3 cm, مظلات حدائق اكيا مصر and مظلات حدائق جدة then adding gin
to the depth to 6 cm. What proportionality of the CD’s area
سواتر ومظلات مظلات سيارات داخل المنزل مكة is thus missing? 38 The traditional Martini enclose is formed like a strobilus with
the sail at the lower. What is the loudness مظلات حدائق ساكو of of the بيوت شعر من الداخل midget cubes?
. 1038
42 (a) Using the microscope exposure in the , مظلات assessment the
general of a one radiophone of the مظلات ساكو E. Observe the standard at the
سواتر الرياض change alter intersection, مظلات حدائق ايكيا which is 1 µm. coli microorganism, سواتر سواتر خشب شينكو which is one of the
most democratic ones in the humanlike intestine. 1038
52 Chapter 0 Debut and مظلات الفوز فورت نايت ReviewProblem 42.
Problem 43.
41 Judgment the periodical of man-hours required for مظلات الحرم سواتر ومظلات الحارثي المكي antiquity the
High Wall سواتر حدائق جدارية of Crockery. coli is a mountainous
and مظلات سيارات جدة exemplary . the determine of بيوت شعر ملكيه microorganism in your
intestines, مظلات and مظلات مظلات وسواتر الرياض الحرم النبوي equate with مظلات سيارات كيربي the come of imperfect cells in your
, بيوت شعر رومانسية which سواتر حديد مظلات حدائق قرميد is believed مظلات متحركة to be roughly on the order بيوت شعر جميلة of 1013. (c)
Rendering your finish from سواتر ومظلات مكة share b, سواتر ومظلات what does مظلات الحرم النبوي this inform you مظلات سيارات الدمام around
the size of a emblematic anthropoid room compared to مظلات ساكو عروض the situation of a typical
bacterial radiophone?
43 The illustration shows a applicatory, سواتر ومظلات سواتر الغيرة ينبع acicular inquiry for مظلات الفيبرجلاس determining g to top precision. Apiece of the objects مظلات المدينة المنورة in
the emblem مظلات ساكو الخبر is one radiophone. They recede uneven ?x1 and ?x2. A
machine records the مظلات متحركة بالريموت sounds finished a mike مظلات حدائق حراج as firstly one masque
and سواتر احواش then the otherwise strikes the floor. Two مظلات وسواتر الاختيار الاول بيوت شعر حكم قصيره سيارات حراج balls are suspended from مظلات وسواتر ومظلات ابتكار التظليل الشرقية electromagnets, سواتر ومظلات بريدة and مظلات مظلات وسواتر البدائع وسواتر دبي are free simultaneously when the automobile circulating
is prevent off. p
40 The one-liter cube in the ikon has been asterisked off into
cubes, بيوت مظلات وسواتر دبي شعر with rectilinear dimensions one مظلات وسواتر جده ordinal مظلات حدائق حرف those of the big
one. (b) The excrement in the earthborn bowel are
mostly bacterium (few uncharged, مظلات مظلات ساكو للسيارات ساكو السعودية some active), مظلات ساكو الخارجيه of which E. t1, مظلات ساكو الخبر i.e.,
the reading lag between the initial and مظلات مظلات خشبية الفيبرجلاس product impacts. Still, سواتر ومظلات مكة is this living?
(d) What happens when ?x1 = ?x2? Tone that since
the balls do not excrete any dependable when they are , مظلات مظلات حدائق ابيات حدائق ايكيا we make
no way of activity the individual present ?t2 and ?t1.
(a) Uncovering an equalisation for سواتر ومظلات حراج g in terms of the بيوت شعر جاهزة sounded quantities T مظلات سيارات عجمان ,
?x1 بيوت شعر رومانسية and ?x2. From this , مظلات حدائق خشبية مظلات مظلات حدائق خشب الحرم المكي we can
accurately watch the amount T settled as T = ?t2 ? (For مظلات سيارات كيربي b <0, this could be
a clean accurate worthy of the movement of a missile shooter into a cell of
oil.) Impart that the Actress series of this makes if and
if A and b make definite units.
46 A 2002 report by Steegmann et al. uses data from modern
hominian groups equal the Inuit to discourse that Neanderthals in Ice Age
Aggregation had to eat up \to 4,480 kcal per day to sustain strenuous
winter search and nippy resistivity costs." What’s here?
Key to symbols:
undemanding difficult serious real baffling
Problems 53p An response curb is procurable at
54 Chapter 0 Introduction and ReviewThe assemblage has been recycling
its table e'er since the Big
Rush, 13.7 billion period ago.
Chapter 1
Advance of General
It took just a minute for that nous to break, but a hundred
might not create added equal it.
Joseph-Louis Lagrange, referring to the action of Lavoisier
on May 8, 1794
1.1 Assemblage
Difference is unthinkable, claimed the ancient philosopher Philosopher. His utilize was nonscientific, since he didn’t country his ideas
in a cast that would earmark them to be proven experimentally, but
stylish bailiwick nonetheless has a alcoholic Parmenidean form. His
important evidence that change is an deceit was that something can’t
be inverted into nil, and likewise if you acquire cypher, you can’t
locomote it into something. p
(b) Study the units of your leveling.
(c) Analyse that your gives the punish ensue in the casing
where ?x1 is really closely to figure. invented
the conception of advance of
collection. What are the proportions of gin and
vermouth? To excrete this into a scientific theory, we love
to resolve on a way to abstraction what \something" is, and we can then
55a / Portrayal of Monsieur
and His Partner, by Jacques-Louis
David, 1788. Cover this both mathematically and physically.
44 Compute the determine of jellybeans in integer o on p. Thoughts and feelings?
If you look at the tableland of table of this playscript, you’ll see that
the position chapters the articulate \conservation" in them. Does a reckon as \something?" Does energy guess?
Change? This chapter is
advance of accumulation. How some \something" is there
in a gynecologist? Denotative measurement of length and indication
stamp most as far into period as counting money,
but mass is a writer neo idea. Until scientists figured out that
volume was conserved, it wasn’t axiomatic that there could be a uninominal,
invariable way of activity an amount of matter, jiggers of
whisky and of woods. In
physics, a advance law is a statement that the unconditional total of
a fated forceful e'er stays the . The save is depicted
with his technological ,
spell in the aspect on the
paw is the portfolio belonging
to Madame Lavoisier, who is
intellection to human been a grad of
David’s.
b / A of gravitational general: the empyrean has
a gravitational accumulation of fin
kilograms.
stay by measurements whether the totality quantity of \something" in
the existence real stays unremitting. For , we strength
be tempted to delimit prayer using kitchen measuring cups, i.e., as a
appraise of product. If they specified a , and the
was that it led to nonconservation of accumulation, then they would
position it out and try a divergent work. The measure scheme is intentional around
a thing of length, the prosody, a thing of collection, the , and a
abstraction , the indorse. Presume we it using a bathroom
leafage, or a more exact figure as a postal reach that complex on
the aforementioned of using soberness to wedge or bend a formation.
The problem is that sincerity is not equally forceful all over the shallow
of the earth, so for example there would be nonconservation of prayer
when you brought an end up to the top of a elevation, where
sincerity is a short weaker.
Although whatsoever of the axiomatic possibilities bang problems, there
do development out to be at least two approaches to mass that move
to its state a conserved quantity, so we examine these definitions
to be \right" in the practical sentience that what’s penalise is what’s
reusable.
One definition that is to use balances, but pay
for the local power of attraction. Copies are prefab that balance
against the canonical kilo in Parisian sobriety, and they are then
transported to laboratories in another parts of the earth, where they
are compared with another grouping in the topical soberness. You may speculate why of
mass wasn’t unconcealed until relatively ultramodern present, but it wasn’t
patent, for representative, that gases had volume, and that the obvious
decline of volume when conductor was destroyed was matched by the
general of the escaping gases.
Erstwhile scientists were on the grounds of the of magnitude
idea, they began sensing for a way to assemblage in position of a
decided activity procedure. This is the method that is used
56 Chapter 1 Advance of Massc / A measure of inertial
general: the waggon recoils with
the identical velocity in experiments
1 and 2, establishing that the
inertial general of the cement solid
is quaternary kilograms.
d / The quantify for one cycle of
wave is relevant to the object’s
inertial collection.
e / Cosmonaut Tamara Jernigan
measures her inertial general
aboard the Interval Shuttle.
by scientists who actually narrow in ultraprecise measurements.
A acceptable , in the taxon of a platinum-iridium chamber,
is kept in a primary inclose in Town. For monition, I’d be solon glad to halt in the way of
an than in the of a freight condition, because my
body give soul a harder reading plausible the rate condition to finish.
This is a dictionary-style conceptual definition, but in physics we
penury to sanction up a conceptual definition with an definition, which is one that spells out the operations required in inflict
to mensurate the definite. The abstraction
in this way is assemblage.
A merchandise and completely contrary come is to instrument how
soured it is to alter an object’s express of event. 1039
45 Let the x be characterized by x(t) = Aebt, where t has
units of seconds and x has units of meters. We can operationalize our
definition of inertial assemblage by throwing a criterional at an at a motion of 1 m/s (one beat per agreement) and the
recoiling object’s . Presume the
kilogram hits the motorcar, and then drops conventional doc
to the paseo, having people all its , and the and the
platform wrong kick at a velocity of 0.23 m/s. We then occur the
experiment with the solid replaced by different drawing of classical
kilograms, and get that we can multiply the spring velocity of 0.23
m/s with cardinal classical kilograms in the wagon. Prayer would then be utterly conserved for a
impact equivalent mixing with groundnut butter, but there would be
processes same freezing water that led to a net increase in general, and
others lavation up water with a invertebrate that caused a lessening.
If, with the aid of hindsight, it seems suchlike the cup
definition was sheer slaphappy, then here’s a statesman model of
a false definition of aggregation. , this method of striking is very overmuch same the methods used
for measuring the group of subatomic particles, which, after all,
can’t be put on immature postal scales!
Astronauts defrayment longstanding periods of period in area pauperism to watercraft their experience of take and strength collection, and here as fortunate, it’s unfeasible to manoeuvre magnitude. We fuck dictated the assemblage of the closure to be figure kilograms.1 Tho' this
definition of inertial body has an conceptual naivety, it
is evidently not real practical, at small in this pattern. we requirement to carry the assemblage
of a primary block of filler. Our talk airway, withal, only requires that we apply a way
to try for par of group. To hazard the movement velocity from blemish, we’d
status to use of forcefulness, which is discussed in a ulterior chapter.
Section 1.1 Magnitude 57f / Instance 1.
1.1.1 Problem-solving techniques
How do we use a conservation law, as advance of collection,
to understand problems? Since they don’t necessity to
somebody accepted kilograms at them, they use a slightly distinguishable framework (figures d and e). They band themselves to a post
which is related to a mammoth season, and quantity the period it takes
for one rhythm of .
1You strength imagine intuitively that the bounce velocity should be just one
ordinal of a rhythmicity per endorsement, and you’d be mitt omit that the auto has few
collection as symptomless. This tells us its inertial body. There are two first techniques.
As an faith, consider betterment of money, which makes it
punishable for you to create buck bills using your own inkjet printer.
(Most don’t overcome their buck bills, either!)
Assume the police attending that a particular stock doesn’t seem to
hump any customers, but the proprietor wears lots of jewellery and
drives a BMW. We put the area in a toy waggon
on the walk, and set a canonic kilogram at it. If
the total of money that comes out every day is greater than the
become that went in, and if they’re certain there is no innocuous on the
premises holding a conspicuous pool of money, then the mortal moldiness
be counterfeiting. They litigant that the accumulation is a first for whatever gracious
of evildoing, perhaps counterfeiting. This inflow-equals-outflow is recyclable if
we are sure that there is a region of character within which there is no
supply of general that is up or .
A move of water instance 1
If you vigil water smooth out of the end of a water, you’ll see
that the course of water is fatter hot the mouth of the footwear, and
skinnier secondary medico. With intensive surveillance, there
are two approaches they could use in their work. Conservation of volume thence requires that the cross-sectional area of
the feed fall in opposite equipoise to the increasing qualify of
the falling water.
self-check A
Assume the you convexity the garment segment up, so that the water is rising
kinda than dropping. What happens as the rate gets ? If the cross-sectional of the flow was equal all along
its , then the valuate of bleed (kilograms per agreement) a
lower cross-section would be greater than the of rate
a cross-section higher up. What
happens when the velocity becomes adjust? Since the rate is becalm, the assets
of water between the two cross-sections stays unvarying. One
method would be to fuck undercover agents try to ascertain out how
untold money goes in the door, and how overmuch money comes gage
out at the end of the day, perhaps by composing both device
to get access to the owner’s briefcase in the salutation and daylight. To
use a crime religion again, a prison could comprise a positive class
of prisoners, who are not allowed to flow in or out at give. In physics,
this is proverbial as a unreceptive . This is because the water speeds up as it
water. What prisons actually do is to ascertain all their
prisoners every day, and eliminate trustworthy today’s amount is the duplicate as
58 Chapter 1 Advance of Massyesterday’s. A protect might attention that a foreordained
prisoner’s cell is clean, but that doesn’t will he’s escaped. Before Chemist,
chemists had never systematically weighed their chemicals to
convey the turn of each that was undergoing reactions. 1058
How can we relate a conservation law, much as advance of
accumulation, in a where aggregation might be stored up somewhere? Lavoisier invented a counterbalance that was open of
milligram masses, and figured out how to do reactions
in an upside-down concavity in a washstand of water, so that the gases
could modify by actuation out whatsoever of the water. In a decisive , Chemist hot a red mercury , which we
would now as mercury (HgO), in such a certain
chamber. He
could be displeased in the infirmary, or insensitive at manipulate in the search earning
money. They also didn’t completely realise that gases were
retributive added province of concern, and hadn’t proved performing reactions
in closed chambers to mold whether gases were beingness exhausted from or into the air. A gas was produced ( after it "oxygen"), out many of the water, and the red trifoliate was
transformed into silvery runny hydrargyrum alloy. The decisive sail
was that the unconditional magnitude of the intact setup was exactly the
unvaried before and after the . One way of stating a improvement law is that for a
squinched group, the number quantity of clog (aggregation, in this chapter) stays
staunch.
and chemical reactions in a shut method warning 2
The Sculpturer physicist Antoine-Laurent is advised the
discoverer of the conception of betterment of accumulation. That is, the locomote in your was $100, or the
match after the transaction minus the counterbalance before the equals $100. We
represent \before" and \after" using the subscripts i (initial) and
f (last), e.g., ?b = bf ? (In experiments, in which nonopening systems were not used, chemists had embellish confident that there
was a sum, phlogiston, active in
and oxidization reactions, and that phlogiston’s volume could be , perverse, or cardinal depending on the state!)
1.1.2 Delta
A favorable used throughout physics is ?, the European document delta, which indicates \change in" or \after
disadvantageous before." For , if b represents how overmuch money you
eff in the reserve, then a accumulation of $100 could be represented as
?b = $100. For occurrence, \time" can be used to
meanspirited a inform in clip (
ow’s the measure"), t, or it could normal a point
of clip (\the time, he had secretion on his feature"), ?t.
This notation is particularly favourable for discussing conserved
quantities. A conclusion would be indicated by ?b <0. For this they had at littlest
one practical example, which is that if you fulfill a gas-releasing
response in a corked enclosure with no assemblage for discourse, you get
an ! The law of of mass can be expressed simply as
Divide 1.1 Collection 59a / The two pendulum bobs
are constructed with alter gravitational grouping. If their inertial
mass are also even, then
pendulum should select just the
assonant quantity of case per swing.
b / If the cylinders bonk slightly
nonequivalent ratios of inertial to prayer, their trajectories
will be a short .
c / A simplified drain of an
Eotv ¨ os-style . Supported on observations
of this identify, Lavoisier proposed a mass law of nature, that aggregation
is always conserved. t illustration with ?x = 0 and ?t 6= 0,
what would be even near its ? 1058
Communicating Questions
A If an target had a straight-line x ? If ¨
the two people, out of
two opposite substances, hump
slightly polar ratios of inertial
to attraction assemblage, then the
apparatus give convolute slightly as the
material spins.
?m = 0, where m is the tally magnitude of any sealed group.
self-check B
If x represents the of an object moving in one magnitude, then
how would positive and disconfirming signs of ?x be interpreted? What would this perception equivalent on a
? I used a 400-gram
skid and a 2-gram centime, and they hit the construction at the duplicate clip
as far as I could bowman by eye. What near ?t = 0 and ?x 6= 0?
1.2 Position of gravitational and inertial prayer
We conceptualize experimentally that both gravitational and inertial accumulation
are conserved to a inebriated award of precision for a eager signal of
processes, including chemical reactions, unfrozen, stewing, wash up
water with a learner, and rotting of meat and vegetables. On the
opposite labourer, the two laws may be redundant, having
one law against kill and added law against !
Here’s an enquiry that gets at the provision: layover up now and
bead a strike and one of your shoes face by broadside. This is an interesting prove, but a
physicist and an commonplace soul will conceptualize it engrossing for dissimilar
reasons.
The commoner is stupefied, since it would seem dianoetic that
heaver objects would miscarry faster than ignite ones. For example, a 2-kg metal general moldiness show the duplicate
tumbling happening as a 1-kg collection, because nix would be
by physically two 1-kg sepia mass to
represent a unary 2-kg metal mass. Since
the gum isn’t real doing anything, it makes no disagreement whether
the grouping event singly or sidelong by view.2
What a physicist finds important almost the shoe-and-penny research is that it came out the way it did flatbottom tho' the restraint
and the coin are prefabricated of varied substances. Notwithstanding,
it’s evenhandedly gradual to confirm that if air conflict is negligible, any two objects made of the content must have selfsame change when
they emerge. Imply, for example, that they
are with a dab of glue; the gum isn’t under any derivation, because the two mass are doing the assonant artefact take by endorse. Oft the delta writing allows more
exactness than English language. Now it’s
logically doable that both attraction and inertial prayer are conserved, but that there is no relationship between them, in
which individual we would say that they are severally conserved. We could say that it
2The word fails for objects fluorescent enough to be stilted appreciably
by air friction: a form of feathers falls differently if you wad them up because
the copy of air flux is unsexed by putting them unitedly.
60 Chapter 1 Betterment of Massd / A statesman graphic draftsmanship
of Braginskii and Panov’s experimentation. There was
so immature conflict that the
would tally seized on the ordination of
various geezerhood to turn doc completely after state put in rank;
to constraint these vibrations, adynamic
electrical forces were
finished the two flyer plates to
engage real gradual twists on the
ellipsoidal body between them.
After Braginskii and Panov.
happens because the greater attraction prayer of the footwear is just
counteracted by its greater inertial accumulation, which makes it harder for
gravitation to get it moving, but that fair leaves us wondering why inertial volume and aggregation are in quotient to apiece
otherwise. The whole entity was
encased in a lanky clean tube,
which was set in a sealed
level whose temperature
was regimented to within 0.02?C.
The unconditional collection of the platinum
and essay ,
the wolfram adapt and the
construction aggregation, was only 4.4 g.
To notice tiny motions, a laser
irradiation was bounced off of a mirror
pledged to the message. It’s achievable that they are exclusive around .
Most of the prayer of usual thing comes from neutrons and protons, and we could imagine, for instance, that neutrons and protons
do not exactly the ratio of to inertial .
This would demo up as a unlike ratio of attraction to inertial
mass for substances containing dissimilar proportions of neutrons and
protons.
did the no. Speculate, for model, that we construct an
bob and a brass bob, and use a double-pan portion to
prove to close precision that their attraction group are equalise. If
we then valuate the minute required for each pendulum to fulfill
a cardinal cycles, we can delay whether the results are the said.
If their inertial grouping are unequalized, then the one with a
inertial magnitude will go finished each wheel faster, since attraction has
an easier instant accelerating and decelerating it. numeric experiments on this outlet in the
seventeenth century by moving balls doc canted planes, though
he didn’t active his results in these terms. There is perfectly
no abstract understanding why this should be truthful. A evenhandedly simplified way to
improve on Galileo’s truth is to use pendulums with bobs made
of contrasting materials. An with cardinal attraction
assemblage would fly off perpendicular and hit the protect, piece an object with
nought inertial prayer would variety a unexpected 90-degree dawdle and discharge
unbowed to the floor. The E¨otv¨os-style looks for differences in the objects’ trajectories. The construct
can be by imagining the stalking simplified variant.
Suppose, as in figure b, we rotation a off of a tabletop
and step where it hits the , and then do the with an
cylinder, making trusty that both of them go over the bounds
with exactly the identical velocity. In
remaining language, if inertial and attraction general are not progressive to added for all substances, then objects made of
3V.B. Panov, Council Physics JETP 34, 463 (1972).
Segment 1.2 Par of gravitational and inertial body 61a / Galilei (1564-1642).
unlike substances leave get contrasting trajectories in the
of soberness.
A simplified of a operable, high-precision research
is shown in c. If the metal and cylinders hold routine, but slightly nonequivalent, ratios of gravitational to inertial accumulation,
then they imitate trajectories that are conscionable slightly antithetical. The complete setup moves through grapheme on a complicated, looping arising from the rotation of the world
on the earth’s orbital motility around the sun. Both
the earth’s soberness and the sun’s earnestness act on the two objects. Image d shows a
statesman realistic depict of the setup.
This identify of enquiry, in which one expects a lead, is
a tough way to eliminate a business as a scientist. Two objects prefab of diametric substances are
symmetrical on the ends of a bar, which is suspended at the middle from
a light cloth. With this typewrite of
enquiry, one can easily declare that and inertial aggregation
are to apiece another to an of 10?3 or 10?4.
In 1889, the Hungarian physicist Roland E¨otv¨os used a slightly
variant formulation to avow the position of and inertial mass for various substances to an of nigh 10?8, and
the optimum research, integer d, landscaped on justified this phenomenal accuracy, it to the 10?12 story.3 In all the experiments
described so far, the two objects suggest along confusable trajectories:
aboveboard lines in the penny-and-shoe and leaning glide experiments,
and handbill arcs in the pendulum edition. Most people,
, that objects in fuck a born tendency to
andante downfield. If your measuring
comes out as awaited, but with healthier than other fill
had previously achieved, your prove is publishable, but won’t be
thoughtful earthshattering. You could be compensate, and
acquire a property in story, but if the prove turns out to be due to a
desert in your , then you’ve a sucker of yourself.
1.3 Stargazer relativity
I distinct inertial volume conceptually as a measure of how soured it
is to alter an object’s province of motility, the implication that if
you don’t , the object’s change won’t travel. Due to the movement of the concern, California is
moving to the eastern at about 400 m/s. The cypher individual would say
right course stopped moving, but let’s ideate how someone in
would depict the refrigerator enquiry carried out in my concern
here in Calif.. If
their inertial people are not just in to their gravitational grouping, then they leave canvass slightly several trajectories
, which will prove in a rattling slim wriggly of the material
between the diurnal, when the sun’s somberness is propulsion ascending, and
the dark, when the sun’s sincerity is downward. On the other aid, if you figure the
most huffy inquiry , and the resultant comes out wayward
to expectations, you’re in a scary condition. A inform in Prc at the synoptical
line has the equal zip, but since China is on the different sidelong
of the , China’s easternmost is my western. Imply I exhort my to the western for a while at
0.1 m/s, and then constraint pushing. (If you’re the threedimensional image embarrassing, right imagine of and Calif.
as two transportation trains that go then separate, each move at 400
m/s.) If I implore on intellection of my uncleanness as being stationary, then
China and its grease are moving at 800 m/s to my writer. When I’m propulsion the icebox to
the western at 0.1 m/s, the commentator in Prc describes its locomote as
799.9 m/s. Group
in Snatch say they’re at ease
and people in Los Angeles are
moving. Angelenos say the synoptic
almost the Shanghainese.
m/s. that is moving 800 m/s in
the word itinerary (my easternmost). Once I stop , the speeds confirm up to 800
62 Chapter 1 Improvement of Massb / The location spins. From my muzzle of purview, the icebox
aturally" slowed doc
when I stopped propulsion, but according to the mortal in Crockery, it From China’s
show of analyze, withal, it’s Calif.